Heredity

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All F1 offspring will be tall (Tt). Since tallness (T) is dominant over shortness (t), even with one copy of the tall allele, the plant will express the tall phenotype. This demonstrates Mendel's law

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Children inherit genetic material from both parents through sexual reproduction. They receive one set of chromosomes from each parent, creating new combinations of genes. This produces similarities (b

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The father's sex chromosome determines the baby's sex. Mothers have XX chromosomes and always contribute an X. Fathers have XY chromosomes - if they contribute an X chromosome, the baby is a girl (XX)

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F2 generation shows a 3:1 phenotypic ratio (3 tall : 1 short) and 1:2:1 genotypic ratio (1 TT : 2 Tt : 1 tt). This demonstrates that the recessive trait (shortness) reappears in F2, proving both trait

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Dominant traits are expressed even when present in single copy (heterozygous condition). Recessive traits are expressed only when present in both copies (homozygous condition). Example: In pea plants,

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F2 will show 3:1 ratio (3 round : 1 wrinkled). F1 generation will all be Rr (round seeds). When F1 self-pollinates: RR (round) + 2Rr (round) + rr (wrinkled) = 3 round : 1 wrinkled phenotypic ratio.

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Genes contain instructions for making proteins, including enzymes. For height, genes control enzymes that produce growth hormones. Efficient enzymes → more hormone → tall plant. Less efficient enzymes

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Genotype is the genetic makeup (actual genes present), while phenotype is the observable characteristic (what we see). Example: A tall pea plant can have genotype TT or Tt, but both have the same phen