Plant Growth and Development

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Growth is an irreversible permanent increase in size of an organ, its parts, or individual cells, accompanied by metabolic processes that require energy. Unlike the swelling of wood in water (which is…

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Plant growth is indeterminate because plants retain the capacity for unlimited growth throughout their life due to meristems. New cells are continuously added by meristematic activity, allowing plants…

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Growth is measured by: 1) Fresh weight, 2) Dry weight, 3) Length, 4) Area, 5) Volume, 6) Cell number. For example, pollen tube growth is measured by length, while leaf growth is measured by surface ar…

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1) Meristematic Phase: Constantly dividing cells with rich protoplasm, large nuclei, thin cellulosic walls. 2) Elongation Phase: Cell enlargement, increased vacuolation, new cell wall deposition. 3) M…

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Arithmetic growth occurs when only one daughter cell continues to divide after mitosis while the other differentiates. Formula: Lt = L0 + rt, where Lt = length at time t, L0 = initial length, r = grow…

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In geometric growth, both daughter cells retain the ability to divide. It shows three phases: lag (slow), exponential (rapid), and stationary (limited nutrients). Formula: W1 = W0 × e^(rt). It produce…

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Essential conditions include: 1) Water (for cell enlargement and enzymatic activities), 2) Oxygen (for metabolic energy release), 3) Nutrients (macro and micro elements for protoplasm synthesis), 4) O…

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Differentiation: Cells mature to perform specific functions (e.g., tracheary elements losing protoplasm). Dedifferentiation: Differentiated cells regain division capacity (e.g., interfascicular cambiu…