Hydrocarbons
CBSE · Class 11 · Chemistry
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What are hydrocarbons? Give the general definition and mention their main source.
Answer
Hydrocarbons are organic compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms. They are mainly obtained from coal and petroleum, which are major sources of energy. Examples include methane (CH₄), ethan…
What is the general formula for alkanes? Name the first four members of the alkane series.
Answer
General formula: CₙH₂ₙ₊₂ First four members: 1. Methane (CH₄) 2. Ethane (C₂H₆) 3. Propane (C₃H₈) 4. Butane (C₄H₁₀)…
Explain the IUPAC nomenclature rules for alkanes with an example.
Answer
IUPAC Rules for alkanes: 1. Select longest carbon chain 2. Number from the end giving substituents lowest numbers 3. Name substituents alphabetically with position numbers 4. Use prefixes di-, tri- fo…
What is the Wurtz reaction? Write the reaction for preparation of butane.
Answer
Wurtz Reaction: Alkyl halides react with sodium metal in dry ether to form alkanes with double the carbon atoms. Reaction for butane: C₂H₅Br + 2Na + BrC₂H₅ → C₂H₅-C₂H₅ + 2NaBr (Bromoethane) → (Butane…
What is the mechanism of free radical halogenation of methane? List the three steps.
Answer
Free Radical Halogenation Mechanism: 1. Initiation: Cl₂ → 2Cl• (in presence of light/heat) 2. Propagation: • CH₄ + Cl• → CH₃• + HCl • CH₃• + Cl₂ → CH₃Cl + Cl• 3. Termination: • Cl• + Cl• → …
What are conformations? Distinguish between staggered and eclipsed conformations of ethane.
Answer
Conformations: Different spatial arrangements of atoms that can be converted into one another by rotation around C-C single bond. Staggered Conformation: • H atoms on adjacent carbons are as far apar…
What is the general formula for alkenes? What is the structure of C=C double bond?
Answer
General formula for alkenes: CₛH₂ₙ C=C Double bond structure: • One σ (sigma) bond - stronger (397 kJ/mol) • One π (pi) bond - weaker (284 kJ/mol) • Bond length: 134 pm (shorter than C-C single bond)…
What is geometrical isomerism in alkenes? Explain cis and trans isomers with example.
Answer
Geometrical Isomerism: Stereoisomerism due to restricted rotation around C=C double bond. Cis isomer: Similar groups on same side of double bond Trans isomer: Similar groups on opposite sides of doub…
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- NCERT Official — ncert.nic.in
- CBSE Academic — cbseacademic.nic.in
- CBSE Official — cbse.gov.in
- National Education Policy 2020 — education.gov.in
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