Thermal Properties of Matter

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Heat is the form of energy transferred between two systems or between a system and its surroundings due to temperature difference. Temperature is a measure of the degree of hotness or coldness of a bo…

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Fahrenheit: tF = (9/5) × 37 + 32 = 66.6 + 32 = 98.6°F Kelvin: T = 37 + 273.15 = 310.15 K Formula used: tF = (9/5)tC + 32 and T = tC + 273.15…

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PV = μRT Where: P = Pressure of the gas V = Volume of the gas μ = Number of moles of gas R = Universal gas constant (8.31 J mol⁻¹ K⁻¹) T = Absolute temperature in Kelvin This equation relates the pres…

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Absolute zero is the lowest possible temperature, equal to -273.15°C or 0 K. At this temperature, an ideal gas would theoretically have zero pressure and volume. It represents the point where molecula…

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The coefficient of linear expansion (αₗ) is the fractional change in length per unit change in temperature. Formula: αₗ = (Δl/l) × (1/ΔT) Where: Δl = change in length, l = original length, ΔT = change…

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Given: l = 10 m, Δl = 1.2 cm = 0.012 m, ΔT = 100°C Formula: αₗ = Δl/(l × ΔT) αₗ = 0.012/(10 × 100) = 0.012/1000 = 1.2 × 10⁻⁵ K⁻¹ This matches the typical value for steel given in the chapter (1.2 × 10…

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αᵥ = 3αₗ This relationship is derived by considering a cube that expands equally in all three dimensions. For small expansions, the volume expansion is approximately three times the linear expansion.

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Water contracts when heated from 0°C to 4°C instead of expanding. It has maximum density at 4°C. This anomalous behavior is due to the unique structure of water molecules. This property is environment…