Learning

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Learning is any relatively permanent change in behaviour or behavioural potential produced by experience or practice. It excludes temporary changes due to fatigue, drugs, or habituation.

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Learning is an inferred process - the internal change that occurs in the mind. Performance is the observed behaviour/response/action that we can see. We infer learning has occurred by observing change

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1. Always involves experience 2. Results in relatively permanent behavioural changes 3. Must be distinguished from temporary changes due to fatigue, drugs, or habituation 4. Involves a sequence of psy

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Classical conditioning is learning through association of stimuli. Key components: US (Unconditioned Stimulus) - naturally causes response, UR (Unconditioned Response) - natural response, CS (Conditio

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Pavlov rang a bell (CS) before presenting food (US) to dogs. Initially, only food caused salivation (UR). After repeated pairings, the bell alone caused salivation (CR). The dogs learned to associate

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1. Simultaneous conditioning - CS and US presented together 2. Delayed conditioning - CS precedes US (most effective) 3. Trace conditioning - CS ends before US begins 4. Backward conditioning - US pre

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Operant conditioning involves learning through consequences of behaviour. Responses are voluntary (operants) and controlled by the organism. Unlike classical conditioning where responses are reflexive

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A hungry rat was placed in a box with a lever. When the rat accidentally pressed the lever while exploring, food pellets dropped. Through repeated trials, the rat learned to press the lever immediatel