CBSE Class 12 History — Flashcards for Quick Revision

A: 1. Early Harappan (6000-2600 BCE) - Formative phase with small settlements and basic crafts 2. Mature Harappan (2600-1900 BCE) - Urban phase with planned cities and peak prosperity 3. Late Harappan (1

A: It is called 'Harappan' because Harappa was the first site discovered and excavated. It is called 'Indus Valley' because most sites are located in the Indus river basin. However, many sites are also f

A: 1. Rakhigarhi (India) - Largest Harappan site 2. Mohenjodaro (Pakistan) - Best preserved, famous for Great Bath 3. Harappa (Pakistan) - First discovered site 4. Dholavira (Gujarat) - Unique water mana

A: Al-Biruni (973-1048 CE) was a scholar from Khwarizm (present-day Uzbekistan) who came to India with Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni. He was well-versed in multiple languages including Arabic, Persian, Hebrew,

A: 1. Language barrier - Sanskrit was very different from Arabic and Persian, making translation of concepts difficult. 2. Religious differences - Differences in religious beliefs and practices between I

A: Al-Biruni explained the caste system by comparing it to ancient Persian social categories (knights/princes, monks/priests, scientists, peasants/artisans). However, he criticized the concept of polluti

A: The Permanent Settlement was introduced by Lord Cornwallis in Bengal in 1793. Key features: (1) Revenue demand was fixed permanently with zamindars (2) Zamindars became revenue collectors for the stat

A: Four main reasons: (1) Initial revenue demands were set very high to prevent future losses (2) Agricultural prices were depressed in the 1790s, making it difficult for ryots to pay rent (3) Revenue wa

A: Fictitious sales were a strategy used by zamindars to avoid losing their estates. Process: (1) Transfer some property to female relatives (women's property couldn't be seized) (2) Deliberately withhol