Data Handling and Presentation

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Data is any collection of facts, numbers, measures, observations or other descriptions of things that convey information about those things. For example, a list of favourite colours of students in you

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Tally marks are vertical lines (|) used to count data. When we reach 5, we draw a line through the previous four marks like this: ||||. This method makes counting easier and helps organize data system

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Frequency is the number of times a particular value, item, or observation occurs in a dataset. For example, if 8 students chose cricket as their favourite game, then the frequency of cricket is 8.

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Arranging data in ascending order helps us to: (1) Find the largest and smallest values easily, (2) Count frequencies more accurately, (3) Identify patterns in the data, (4) Answer questions about the

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A pictograph is a way of representing data using pictures or symbols. Each picture or symbol represents a certain number of items. For example, one apple symbol (🍎) might represent 5 students who like

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A scale or key tells us what each symbol represents in a pictograph. For example, '🚗 = 10 cars' means each car symbol represents 10 actual cars. The scale must always be clearly mentioned in any picto

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△△⊿ represents 25 children. Two complete triangles = 2 × 10 = 20 children, and half triangle (⊿) = 5 children. Total = 20 + 5 = 25 children.

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Challenges include: (1) Too many symbols needed, taking lots of time and space, (2) Difficulty in drawing exact numbers when frequency is not a multiple of the scale, (3) Need to use fractional symbol