Light – Reflection and Refraction

Two fundamental laws govern reflection

Two fundamental laws govern reflection: (1) The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection, and (2) The incident ray, reflected ray, and normal

Concave mirrors curve inward and can

Concave mirrors curve inward and can form both real and virtual images depending on object position. Convex mirrors curve outward and always form virt

When light passes obliquely from one

When light passes obliquely from one transparent medium to another, it bends at the interface. This bending follows Snell's law: sin i/sin r = constan

The refractive index (n) of

The refractive index (n) of a medium is the ratio of the speed of light in vacuum to its speed in that medium: n = c/v. It indicates how much light sl

Convex lenses converge light rays

Convex lenses converge light rays and can form both real and virtual images. Concave lenses diverge light rays and always form virtual, erect, and dim