Our Environment

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An ecosystem consists of all interacting organisms (biotic components) in an area together with non-living constituents (abiotic components) of the environment. It includes living things like plants,

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Producers: Organisms that make organic compounds from inorganic substances using sunlight and chlorophyll (e.g., green plants, some bacteria). Consumers: Organisms that depend on producers directly or

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A food chain is a series of organisms feeding on one another, showing the flow of energy. Each step forms a trophic level: 1st level - Producers (grass), 2nd level - Primary consumers/herbivores (rabb

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At each trophic level, only about 10% of energy is transferred to the next level. The rest is lost as heat, used in digestion, doing work, and life processes. Due to this progressive loss of energy at

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Green plants in a terrestrial ecosystem capture about 1% of the sunlight energy that falls on their leaves and convert it into food energy through photosynthesis. This captured energy then supports al

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A food web is a complex network showing multiple interconnected food chains in an ecosystem. Unlike a simple linear food chain, organisms in a food web are eaten by multiple predators and may feed on

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1. Unidirectional flow: Energy flows in one direction only - from producers to consumers and never returns to the previous level. 2. Progressive diminishment: Energy available decreases at each succes

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Biological magnification is the progressive accumulation of non-degradable harmful chemicals (like pesticides) at each trophic level. Since these chemicals cannot be broken down, their concentration i