Biosphere

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The sphere where life exists over the earth and in the atmosphere around it. It includes man, microorganisms, insects, animals, birds, vegetation etc. According to Hutchinson, it is that part of the e…

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The Biosphere is spread up to an altitude of 26 kilometres. Most living animals are found up to 9 km from sea level.

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Ecosystem is an autonomous system where biotic components (animals, vegetation, micro-organisms) combine with abiotic components (water, gases, land, light). It includes Lithosphere, Hydrosphere, Atmo…

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(1) Terrestrial Ecosystem - includes grasslands, arid regions, deserts, islands. (2) Aquatic Ecosystem - includes pond, lake, watershed, river, river delta, sea.

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The transformation of abiotic (chemical) elements into biotic elements through vegetation roots, their transfer through food chain, and retransformation back into abiotic forms after death. Examples: …

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Lightning converts nitrogen into soil → Bacteria convert nitrogen to ammonia → Bacteria convert ammonia to nitrate → Plants use nitrate → Animals consume plants → Death and decomposition return nitrog…

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Animals and plants inhale oxygen and exhale CO₂ during respiration → Plants use CO₂ during photosynthesis in sunlight → Plants release oxygen into atmosphere → Oxygen cycle connects with carbon cycle.

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Living organisms exhale CO₂ during respiration → CO₂ merges with atmosphere → Plants consume CO₂ and form carbohydrates → Dead vegetation decomposes into CO₂ → Burning fossil fuels releases CO₂ → Cycl…