Temperature

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Insolation is the heat or heat energy received by the Earth's surface and atmosphere from the Sun. It is measured by Pyranometer and expressed in calories per minute per square cm or kW/square metre.

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Tropical regions receive more insolation because the Sun's rays fall vertically there, while in polar regions the rays are more slanted. Slanting rays have to pass through a larger area of atmosphere,

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Albedo is the reflected insolation that returns to space without being absorbed. About 35% of insolation collides with clouds, dust particles, snow-covered areas, and water bodies and gets reflected b

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Heat Budget Distribution: 18% insolation is directly absorbed by the atmosphere, 47% reaches and is absorbed by Earth's surface, and 35% is reflected back to space as albedo (from clouds, dust, snow,

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Land heats up faster than water because: 1) Water being liquid disperses heat through currents, waves, and tides 2) Water is transparent so Sun rays penetrate deep 3) Water surface reflects some rays

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The three processes are: 1) Radiation - heat dissipates as long wave radiation 2) Conduction - heat flows from hot Earth surface to cool air in contact 3) Convection - heated air rises and cool air ta

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The normal lapse rate is 6.5°C decrease in temperature for every 1 km increase in altitude. This occurs because Earth's surface is heated first by Sun's rays, then gradually heats the atmosphere above

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Temperature inversion is when atmospheric temperature increases instead of decreasing with altitude. It occurs during long winter nights, stable air conditions, clear sky, windless nights, and in snow