Earth's Origin and Evolution
Gujarat Board · Class 11 · Geography
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Ancient Views and Beliefs about Earth's Origin
- Ancient civilizations had various mythological explanations for Earth's origin
- Hindu mythology: Earth created from golden egg by Lord Brahma, supported by four elephants on a tortoise (Kurma)
- Croatian belief: Earth as an egg created by Sun God
Scientific Theories of Earth's Origin
- Three main categories: Monistic, Binary Star (Dualistic), and Gaseous-Dust Cloud theories
- Earth formed approximately 4.5 billion years ago as hot ball of gases
- Initially intensely hot, gradually cooled to form solid outer crust
Monistic Hypotheses
- Gaseous Hypothesis by Immanuel Kant (1755): Cold, motionless gaseous cloud in space began colliding due to gravitational attraction, forming hot spinning nebula
- Nebular Hypothesis by Laplace (1796): Modified Kant's theory, proposed hot rotating nebula gradually cooled and contracted, releasing rings that formed planets
- Both theories assume single parent body (Sun) as source of planetary material
Binary Star Hypotheses
- Planetesimal Hypothesis by Chamberlain and Moulton (1900): Passing star's gravity pulled material from Sun, forming planetesimals that became planets
- Later supported by James Jeans and Harold Jeffreys
- Explains planetary formation through stellar encounter
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