Hydrosphere
Gujarat Board · Class 11 · Geography
Quick revision notes for Hydrosphere — Gujarat Board Class 11 Geography. Key concepts, formulas, and definitions for last-minute revision.
Key Topics to Revise
Water Cycle (Hydrological Cycle)
- Water exists in three forms on Earth: solid (ice), liquid (water), and gas (water vapor)
- Solar heat causes evaporation from seas, lakes, and rivers, forming clouds
- Condensation occurs under favorable conditions, leading to precipitation
Relief Features of Ocean Floor
- Ocean floor has four main relief features: Continental Shelf, Continental Slope, Abyssal Plains, and Deep Sea Trenches
- Continental Shelf extends up to 200 meters depth and covers 8% of ocean floor
- Average width of continental shelf is 65 km with average depth of 130 meters
Temperature of Sea Water
- Average surface temperature of ocean water is 17°C
- Pacific Ocean: 19°C, Indian Ocean: 17°C, Atlantic Ocean: 16.9°C
- Sunrays cannot penetrate below 200 meters, so surface is warmer
Salinity of Ocean Water
- Average salinity of sea water is 35‰ (35 grams of salt per 1000 grams of water)
- Salinity measured in ‰ (per thousand) units
- Higher in tropical regions due to more evaporation
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Hydrosphere covers several key topics that are frequently asked in Gujarat Board Class 11 board exams. Focus on the core concepts listed on this page and practise related questions to build confidence.
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