Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance

The work done by an external

The work done by an external force in bringing a charge from infinity to a point in an electric field. It represents the energy stored in the charge-f

The work done per unit positive

The work done per unit positive charge in bringing it from infinity to a point. V = U/q = (1/4πε₀)(Q/r) for a point charge Q. Potential is a scalar qu

Surfaces where all points have

Surfaces where all points have the same electric potential. Electric field lines are always perpendicular to equipotential surfaces. For a point charg

For a dipole with moment p

For a dipole with moment p at distance r >> a, V = (1/4πε₀)(p⃗·r̂/r²) = (1/4πε₀)(p cos θ/r²), where θ is angle between p⃗ and r⃗.

Inside a conductor

Inside a conductor: E = 0, potential is constant. At the surface: E = σ/ε₀ (normal to surface), where σ is surface charge density. All excess charge r