Indian Judiciary

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The Indian judiciary is structured like a pyramid hierarchy with three main levels: 1) Supreme Court at the apex (top), 2) High Courts at the middle level for states, and 3) District Courts and subord…

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An independent judiciary is essential because: 1) It protects citizens' fundamental rights, 2) It resolves disputes between Centre and States, 3) It interprets the Constitution and ensures its suprema…

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A Supreme Court judge must: 1) Be a citizen of India, 2) Have served as a High Court judge for at least 5 years OR have practiced as an advocate in High Court for at least 10 years OR be a distinguish…

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Original Jurisdiction means the Supreme Court can directly hear certain cases without them going through lower courts first. This includes: 1) Disputes between Centre and States, 2) Disputes between d…

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Judges can be removed through impeachment for misconduct or incapability: 1) A memorandum must be submitted to the President with majority support of total members in each House of Parliament, 2) At l…

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The Supreme Court cannot settle disputes related to distribution of river waters between states. These disputes are handled by separate 'Water Tribunals' which give final judgments on water-related co…

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Appellate Jurisdiction is the power to hear appeals against lower court decisions. The Supreme Court hears three types of appeals: 1) Constitutional interpretation cases (with High Court certificate),…

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Advisory Jurisdiction allows the President to seek advice from the Supreme Court on matters of public importance, constitutional interpretation, or the legality of any Bill. However, the Supreme Court…