Genetics

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Heredity is the inheritance of both species and parental characteristics from one generation to the next. It explains why organisms produce offspring of their own kind while showing some variations.

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Genetics is the branch of biology that deals with the mechanism of heredity and variations. It studies how characters are transferred from parents to offspring through genes and chromosomes.

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1. Acquired or Somatogenic variations - caused by environmental factors 2. Blastogenic variations - caused by inheritance of variable genetic material from parents. These are heritable variations.

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Chromosomes are thread-like structures present in the nucleus that transfer characters from one generation to the next. They carry units of hereditary factors called genes. They exist as chromatin ret

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Diploid (2n): Chromosomes occur in pairs (homologous pairs). Found in somatic cells of higher organisms. Haploid (n): Chromosomes are unpaired. Found in gametes and some lower organisms.

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Alleles are alternative forms of a gene for the same character. They occupy the same locus on homologous chromosomes. Example: For height, one chromosome may carry the gene for tallness (T) while the

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Autosomes: Control various body characters but have no genes for sexual characteristics. Similar in males and females. Sex chromosomes (X and Y): Determine the sex of an individual. Different in males

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Males have XY chromosomes and produce two types of sperms: (22+X) and (22+Y) in equal proportion. Females have XX chromosomes and produce only one type of ova: (22+X). The sex of the child depends on