Electrolysis

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Electrolytes are substances that conduct electricity either in the fused state or in aqueous solution state by movement of ions. They undergo chemical change during the passage of electric current. Ex

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Non-electrolytes are substances that do not conduct electric current either in the fused state or in aqueous solution state. They do not undergo chemical change during passage of current. Examples: Gl

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Strong electrolytes dissociate almost completely (100%) into ions in solution, conduct large amounts of current, and contain almost only free ions. Examples: HCl, NaOH, NaCl. Weak electrolytes dissoci

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Electrolysis is the process where passage of direct current through an electrolyte brings chemical changes involving reduction at cathode and oxidation at anode. Characteristics: (1) Requires DC curre

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Electrodes are metal plates or graphite rods used for passing current through an electrolyte. Anode is the electrode connected to positive terminal where oxidation occurs (electrons are lost). Cathode

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Cations are positively charged ions formed when atoms lose electrons. They move towards cathode during electrolysis. Examples: Na⁺, Cu²⁺, Al³⁺. Anions are negatively charged ions formed when atoms gai

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The electrochemical series is the arrangement of metals in order of their decreasing tendency to lose electrons to form cations. Metals at the top lose electrons more easily (like Li, K, Na), while th

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Ionization: PbBr₂ (molten) → Pb²⁺ + 2Br⁻ At cathode (reduction): Pb²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Pb (silvery grey deposit) At anode (oxidation): 2Br⁻ → Br₂ + 2e⁻ (reddish brown fumes) Products: Lead metal at cathode, Br