Metallurgy

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Metallurgy is the process used for the extraction of metals in pure form from their ores. It involves several physical and chemical processes to obtain pure metals from naturally occurring compounds.

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Metals are electropositive elements that have a tendency to form positive ions by losing one or more valence electrons. Characteristics: lustrous, good conductors of heat and electricity, malleable, d…

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Minerals: Compounds of metals found in earth's crust obtained by mining, may contain impurities. Ores: Minerals from which metals can be extracted profitably. All ores are minerals, but not all minera…

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Iron: Haematite (Fe₂O₃), Magnetite (Fe₃O₄), Iron pyrites (FeS₂) Aluminium: Bauxite (Al₂O₃·2H₂O), Cryolite (Na₃AlF₆), Corundum (Al₂O₃) Zinc: Zinc blende (ZnS), Calamine (ZnCO₃), Zincite (ZnO)…

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Gangue or matrix refers to the impurities associated with ores, such as rocky and siliceous materials. The most common component is silica (SiO₂). These impurities need to be removed during ore concen…

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Also called levigation or gravity separation. Based on difference in specific gravities of ore and gangue particles. Powdered ore is washed with running water. Lighter impurities wash away, heavier or…

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Used mainly for sulphide ores. Based on different wetting properties of ore and gangue. Finely powdered ore is mixed with water and oils (pine oil/creosote oil). Compressed air creates froths. Ore par…

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Calcination involves heating ore below its melting point, usually in absence of air, to remove moisture, organic matter, and volatile impurities like CO₂. Used for carbonate ores. Example: CaCO₃ →(Δ) …