Water Resources
ICSE · Class 10 · Geography
Quick revision notes for Water Resources — ICSE Class 10 Geography. Key concepts, formulas, and definitions for last-minute revision.
Key Topics to Revise
Water Resources in India - Sources and Distribution
- India occupies only 2.4% of world's surface area but houses 16% of world's population with only 4% of world's water resources
- India receives 4000 billion cubic metres (BCM) of water from precipitation annually
- Main sources: Surface water (rivers, lakes, ponds, canals), Groundwater (aquifers), Lagoons and backwater
Importance and Need for Irrigation
- India is essentially an agricultural country with over half area under arable land
- Irrigation defined as 'artificial supply of water to crops through canals, wells, tube wells from natural water sources'
- Need arises due to tropical monsoon climate - erratic, unreliable, uncertain, unevenly distributed rainfall
Methods of Irrigation - Traditional
- Canal Irrigation: Covers about 40% of total irrigated area, mainly in northern India
- Two types of canals: Inundation canals (flood-dependent, seasonal) and Perennial canals (year-round supply)
- Canal irrigation requires: low-level relief with fertile soil, perennial water source, flat terrain
Modern Methods of Irrigation
- Sprinkler Irrigation: Water applied as spray resembling rainfall, suitable for arid regions
- Advantages: no water loss through seepage/evaporation, best for water conservation, easy mechanization
- Disadvantages: high initial and operating costs, affected by wind, may cause leaf scorch
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