Sound

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Sound waves are longitudinal mechanical waves produced by vibrating objects. They require a medium (solid, liquid, or gas) for propagation and travel as compressions and rarefactions. Human ears can d

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v = f × λ Where: v = wave velocity (m/s) f = frequency (Hz) λ = wavelength (m) This fundamental wave equation applies to all types of waves including sound waves.

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Amplitude is the maximum displacement of a vibrating particle from its mean position. In sound waves, larger amplitude means louder sound, while smaller amplitude means softer sound. Amplitude determi

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The speed of sound in air at room temperature (around 20°C) is approximately 340 m/s or 330 m/s. The speed depends on temperature, density of the medium, and humidity. It increases with temperature an

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Echo is the repetition of sound heard after reflection from a surface after the original sound has ceased. Conditions for echo: 1. Minimum distance between source and reflector ≈ 17 m 2. Time interval

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Given: v = 340 m/s, t = 0.1 s (minimum time for echo) Total distance traveled = 2d (to reflector and back) Using: t = 2d/v 0.1 = 2d/340 d = (340 × 0.1)/2 = 17 m Therefore, minimum distance = 17 meters

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Reverberation is the prolonged sound caused by multiple reflections when the distance between source and reflector is less than 17 m. Unlike echo (distinct repetition), reverberation causes original a

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Free or natural vibrations are periodic vibrations of a body with constant amplitude in the absence of any external force. The body vibrates at its natural frequency. Examples: 1. Simple pendulum (neg