Diseases Cause and Control

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Disease is a departure from normal health through structural or functional disorder of the body. It is a condition in which the normal functioning of the body is disturbed.

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Endemic disease is found in a certain area only, attacking fewer number of people. Example: Yellow fever in certain African countries, goitre in sub-Himalayan regions.

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Epidemic: Disease breaks out and spreads from place to place affecting large numbers of people at the same time (e.g., plague in India in 1994). Pandemic: Disease is widely distributed worldwide (e.g.

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Incubation period is the period between the entry of germs and the appearance of the first symptoms of the disease. It varies from a few hours to several years depending on the disease.

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Causative agent: Vibrio cholerae (bacterium). Transmission: Through contaminated food and water (faeco-oral route), spread by flies that carry germs from infected faeces to food.

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Main symptoms include vomiting, loose motions (diarrhoea), very little or no urination due to water shortage in body, and accumulation of poisonous urea in the body.

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Prevention methods: Anti-typhoid vaccination (repeated annually), proper sanitation, control of flies, avoiding contaminated water and milk, and maintaining good hygiene.

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Causative agent: Mycobacterium tuberculosis (rod-shaped bacterium). Transmission: Through sputum from infected persons, carried by air or dust particles.