Pollination and Fertilization

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Pollination is the process of transference of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma. It is the first step in plant reproduction that must occur before fruit and seed formation.

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1. Autogamy - pollen falls on stigma of same flower 2. Geitonogamy - pollen from another flower of same plant 3. Allogamy - pollen from flower of another plant of same species (cross-pollination)…

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Self-pollination is the transfer of pollen from anther to stigma of the same flower (autogamy) or to another flower of the same plant (geitonogamy). It can occur in bisexual flowers or unisexual flowe…

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1. Much surer process when stamens and carpels mature together 2. Parental characters are preserved indefinitely 3. No wastage of pollen - small quantity sufficient 4. Great economy - no need for larg…

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1. Continued self-pollination leads to weakening of variety/species 2. Seeds are poor quality, offspring less vigorous 3. Weaker/defective characters cannot be eliminated 4. Does not yield new varieti…

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Cross-pollination is the transfer of pollen from anthers of flowers of one plant to the stigma of a flower of another plant of the same species. It requires external agents like wind, insects, or wate…

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Advantages: 1. Healthier offspring 2. Abundant, viable seeds 3. New varieties possible Disadvantages: 1. Not always certain - needs pollinating agents 2. Large quantity pollen needed - wastage 3. Unec…

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Dichogamy is different timing of maturation of androecium and gynoecium in bisexual flowers. Protandry (anthers mature first): bhindi, sweet pea, salvia, sunflower Protogyny (stigma matures first): cu…