Seed Structure and Germination

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A seed is a mature ovule after fertilization. It contains a tiny living plant called the embryo (developed from fused sperm nucleus and egg nucleus). The seed remains dormant until exposed to favorabl

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Fruit: Enlarged ripened ovary with ovarian wall forming fruit wall, protects and helps in seed dispersal (e.g., mango, pea pod). Seed: Ripened ovule containing embryo that develops into new plant (e.g

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Monocotyledonous seeds: Contain one cotyledon (seed-leaf), examples include maize and grasses. Dicotyledonous seeds: Contain two cotyledons, examples include pea, gram, and bean.

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Albuminous (endospermic): Cotyledons are thin and membranous, endosperm persists (e.g., poppy, cereals, palm). Exalbuminous (non-endospermic): Cotyledons store food and become thick and fleshy, no end

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Bean seed has: Seed coat (testa - outer hard brownish covering, tegmen - thin inner protective layer), Hilum (whitish oval scar where ovule was attached), Micropyle (tiny pore near hilum for water abs

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Micropyle serves two important functions: 1) Water absorption - When seeds are soaked, they absorb water mainly through micropyle making it available to embryo for germination. 2) Gas exchange - It pr

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Maize grain is a one-seeded fruit with fused fruit wall and seed coat. It contains: Small light-colored oval area (embryo location), Large endosperm (rich in starch), Aleurone layer (protein-rich oute

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Bean vs Maize: 1) Two cotyledons vs One cotyledon (scutellum), 2) No endosperm vs Large endosperm present, 3) Large embryo vs Small embryo, 4) Hilum and micropyle visible vs not visible, 5) Seed separ