Water

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Formula: H₂O Chemical name: Dihydrogen oxide Molecular mass: 2 × 1 + 16 × 1 = 18 amu Water has a bent structure with covalent bonding between hydrogen and oxygen atoms.

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Water is called the universal solvent because: 1. It dissolves many substances forming aqueous solutions 2. It has a high dielectric constant 3. It reduces electrostatic forces between ions 4. It diss

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Anomalous expansion: Water contracts when cooled from 100°C to 4°C, but below 4°C it starts expanding until it freezes at 0°C. Importance: 1. Water has maximum density at 4°C (1 g/cm³) 2. Ice floats

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Latent heat of fusion: Heat required to change 1g of ice to water at 0°C without temperature change = 336 J/g or 80 cal/g Latent heat of vaporization: Heat required to change 1g of water to steam at

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Solution: Homogeneous mixture of two or more components whose composition can be gradually changed. Solute: Substance that dissolves in the solvent (usually in smaller quantity) Example: Salt in salt

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Saturated solution: A solution that cannot dissolve any more solute at a given temperature. Preparation: 1. Take measured amount of water in a beaker 2. Add solute gradually with stirring 3. Continue

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Unsaturated solution: - Can dissolve more solute at given temperature - Contains less solute than saturation point - More solute can be added Supersaturated solution: - Contains more solute than theo

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Mass percent = (Mass of solute / Mass of solution) × 100 Used when solute is solid and solvent is liquid Example: 10g salt in 100g solution = 10% solution Volume percent = (Volume of solute / Volume