Measurements and Experimentation

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Measurement is the process of comparison of a given physical quantity with a known standard quantity of the same nature. A physical quantity is expressed as: Physical quantity = (numerical value) × (u

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A unit is the quantity of constant magnitude used to measure magnitudes of other quantities of the same nature. Properties of a good unit: (1) Convenient size (2) Can be defined without ambiguity (3)

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Fundamental units are independent of any other unit and cannot be changed or related to other fundamental units. Examples: metre (length), kilogram (mass), second (time). Derived units depend on funda

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1. Length - metre (m), 2. Mass - kilogram (kg), 3. Time - second (s), 4. Temperature - kelvin (K), 5. Luminous intensity - candela (cd), 6. Electric current - ampere (A), 7. Amount of substance - mole

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(a) 10³ = kilo (k), (b) 10⁻³ = milli (m), (c) 10⁶ = mega (M), (d) 10⁻⁶ = micro (μ). Examples: 1 kilometre = 10³ m, 1 millimetre = 10⁻³ m

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(a) 2.5 km = 2.5 × 10³ m = 2500 m, (b) 450 mg = 450 × 10⁻³ g = 0.45 g, (c) 3.2 × 10⁻⁴ m = 3.2 × 10⁻⁴ × 10³ mm = 0.32 mm

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Least count is the smallest measurement that can be taken accurately with an instrument. It is the value of one smallest division on its scale. Smaller least count means more precise measurement becau

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Vernier principle: n divisions on vernier scale equal (n-1) divisions on main scale. This difference is used for precise measurement. Least count = Value of 1 main scale division ÷ Total number of div