Control and Coordination

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This is a reflex action. It takes only 0.1-0.5 seconds because the signal travels through the spinal cord directly to muscles without involving the brain. This quick response prevents severe burns and

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This is a reflex action controlled by the iris muscles. In bright light, circular muscles contract to make pupils smaller, protecting the retina. In dim light, radial muscles contract to make pupils l

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Food tastes bland or different because taste and smell work together. The nose detects aromatic compounds that enhance flavor. When blocked, only basic tastes (sweet, salty, bitter, sour) from tongue

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1. Electrical impulse reaches the axon end of first neuron 2. This triggers release of chemical messengers (neurotransmitters) 3. Chemicals cross the synapse (gap between neurons) 4. Neurotransmitters

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A synapse is the gap between two neurons where electrical signals are converted to chemical signals. It's important because: 1) It ensures one-way transmission of impulses, 2) Allows signal processing

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The cerebellum in the hind-brain is likely damaged. The cerebellum controls: 1) Balance and posture, 2) Coordination of voluntary movements, 3) Precision of actions like walking in a straight line, wr

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The brain controls all body functions and is very delicate. Protection includes: 1) Skull (bony box) for external protection, 2) Cerebrospinal fluid acts like a shock absorber, 3) Meninges (protective

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The leaves fold and droop immediately due to rapid water loss from cells at the base of leaves. Unlike animals: 1) No nervous system involved, 2) Uses water pressure changes instead of muscle contract