Electricity

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Using Ohm's law: R = V/I = 220V/5A = 44Ω Power consumed: P = VI = 220V × 5A = 1100W = 1.1kW This heater consumes 1.1 units of electricity per hour.

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The filament has much higher resistance than connecting wires. When current flows, heat generated (H = I²Rt) is proportional to resistance. The high-resistance filament gets hot enough to glow (around

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Electric current is the rate of flow of electric charge through a conductor. Formula: I = Q/t, where Q is charge in coulombs and t is time in seconds. Unit: Ampere (A). Measured using an ammeter conne

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For parallel connection: 1/Rp = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + 1/R₃ 1/Rp = 1/2 + 1/3 + 1/6 = 3/6 + 2/6 + 1/6 = 6/6 = 1 Therefore, Rp = 1Ω Note: Parallel resistance is always less than the smallest individual resistanc

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In parallel connection: 1) Each appliance gets full voltage (220V), 2) Each works independently - if one fails, others continue working, 3) Different appliances can draw different currents as needed,

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When length doubles, cross-sectional area halves (volume remains constant). R = ρl/A. New resistance = ρ(2l)/(A/2) = 4ρl/A = 4R New resistance = 4 × 10Ω = 40Ω Resistance becomes 4 times the original v

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Steps: 1) Break the circuit at the point where current is to be measured, 2) Connect ammeter in series so all current flows through it, 3) Ensure correct polarity (+ terminal to higher potential), 4)

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Energy consumed = Power × Time = 1000W × 2h × 30 days = 60,000Wh = 60kWh = 60 units Cost = 60 units × ₹5/unit = ₹300 This shows how power rating and usage time affect electricity bills.