Heredity

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Children inherit genetic material (DNA) from both parents, getting one copy of each gene from mother and father. This creates similarities due to shared genes, but the unique combination of maternal a

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All F1 plants will be tall (Tt). Though they inherit one 'T' from tall parent and one 't' from short parent, tallness is a dominant trait. Only one copy of dominant allele 'T' is needed to express the

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A gene is a section of DNA that provides information to make a specific protein. For height, genes control enzymes that produce growth hormones. Efficient enzymes → more hormone → tall plant. Less eff

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1. Observe earlobe types in family (attached vs free) 2. Record parents' and children's earlobe types 3. If both parents have attached earlobes but child has free earlobes, then attached is recessive

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Asexual reproduction creates identical copies with only minor DNA copying errors causing small variations. Sexual reproduction combines genetic material from two parents, creating much greater diversi

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F2 ratio is 3:1 (tall:short) Tall plants = 3/4 × 800 = 600 plants Short plants = 1/4 × 800 = 200 plants Genotype ratio: 1 TT : 2 Tt : 1 tt TT = 200, Tt = 400, tt = 200 plants

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F1: All tall, round (TtRr). F2: Four phenotypes in 9:3:3:1 ratio: - 9 tall, round - 3 tall, wrinkled - 3 short, round - 1 short, wrinkled Traits for height and seed shape are inherited independently

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Females have XX chromosomes and always contribute X to offspring. Males have XY chromosomes - they contribute either X (producing XX = girl) or Y (producing XY = boy). Since male's contribution determ