Our Environment

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An ecosystem is a system where all living organisms (biotic components) interact with each other and with non-living components (abiotic components) like temperature, rainfall, soil, etc. Examples: A

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Only 10% of energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next (10% rule). The remaining 90% is lost as heat, used in metabolism, or for movement. After 3-4 levels, very little usable energy rem

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Pesticides accumulate in crops → Grasshoppers consume pesticides → Frogs eat many grasshoppers (higher concentration) → Snakes eat frogs (even higher) → Eagles have maximum concentration. This is biol

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Decomposer bacteria and fungi break down dead organisms into simpler substances. Without proper cleaning, these accumulate, making water toxic for living fish. In nature, decomposers recycle nutrients

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UV radiation splits oxygen molecules (O₂) into free oxygen atoms: O₂ → O + O. These free atoms then combine with other O₂ molecules to form ozone: O + O₂ → O₃. This ozone shields Earth from harmful UV

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Banana peel is biodegradable - bacteria have enzymes that can break down its organic compounds. Plastic is non-biodegradable - bacteria lack specific enzymes to break down synthetic polymers, so only

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1. Producers (autotrophs) - green plants that make food through photosynthesis 2. Consumers (heterotrophs) - animals that depend on producers directly or indirectly 3. Decomposers - bacteria and fungi

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Energy flows in one direction only - from sun to producers to consumers to decomposers. Energy cannot flow backward to previous trophic levels. Once used by an organism, energy is lost as heat and can