Encoding Schemes and Number System

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Encoding is the mechanism of converting data into an equivalent cipher using specific code. It is important because computers only understand binary language (0s and 1s), so all human-readable charact

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ASCII stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange. Key characteristics: (1) Uses 7 bits to represent characters, (2) Can encode 2^7 = 128 different characters, (3) Includes English a

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D = 68, A = 65, T = 84, A = 65. So 'DATA' in ASCII decimal values is: 68, 65, 84, 65. In binary: D=1000100, A=1000001, T=1010100, A=1000001.

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ISCII (Indian Script Code for Information Interchange) is an 8-bit code for Indian languages. Differences from ASCII: (1) Uses 8 bits (can represent 2^8 = 256 characters), (2) Retains all 128 ASCII co

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UNICODE is a standard that incorporates characters of every written language of the world. It was developed because different encoding schemes couldn't communicate with each other. UNICODE provides a

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A number system is a method to represent (write) numbers. The base is determined by the count of unique characters or literals used. Examples: Binary (base 2: 0,1), Decimal (base 10: 0-9), Octal (base

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Multiply each digit by its positional value (base^position) and add all products. Example: (123.45)₁₀ = 1×10² + 2×10¹ + 3×10⁰ + 4×10⁻¹ + 5×10⁻² = 100 + 20 + 3 + 0.4 + 0.05 = 123.45. Position numbers i

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1. Binary: Base 2 (digits: 0, 1), 2. Decimal: Base 10 (digits: 0-9), 3. Octal: Base 8 (digits: 0-7), 4. Hexadecimal: Base 16 (symbols: 0-9, A-F where A=10, B=11, C=12, D=13, E=14, F=15).