Kinetic Theory

All matter is composed of tiny

All matter is composed of tiny particles called atoms or molecules in constant motion. The atomic hypothesis states that atoms attract when slightly a

PV = μRT = kBNT

PV = μRT = kBNT, where P is pressure, V is volume, T is absolute temperature, μ is number of moles, N is number of molecules, R is universal gas const

Pressure arises from molecular collisions

Pressure arises from molecular collisions with container walls. For an ideal gas: P = (1/3)nmv̄², where n is number density, m is molecular mass, and

Average kinetic energy of molecules

Average kinetic energy of molecules is directly proportional to absolute temperature: (1/2)mv̄² = (3/2)kBT. This gives vrms = √(3kBT/m). Temperature i

In thermal equilibrium

In thermal equilibrium, energy is equally distributed among all energy modes, with each mode having average energy (1/2)kBT. Translational and rotatio