Heredity - Evolution

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Variations are differences in characters within very closely related groups of organisms. They arise during reproduction due to sexual reproduction and errors in DNA copying. Example: Different eye co

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Gregor Johann Mendel (1822-1884) is known as the 'Father of Genetics' because he was the first to systematically study inheritance patterns through his experiments on pea plants. He established the fu

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1. Flower color (Purple/White) 2. Flower position (Axial/Terminal) 3. Seed color (Yellow/Green) 4. Seed shape (Round/Wrinkled) 5. Pod shape (Inflated/Constricted) 6. Pod color (Green/Yellow) 7. Stem l

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A monohybrid cross is a cross between two parents differing in only one character (e.g., tall × dwarf). In F1 generation, all offspring show the dominant trait. In F2 generation, the phenotypic ratio

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Genotype: The genetic constitution of an organism (e.g., TT, Tt, tt for height in pea plants) Phenotype: The external appearance or observable characteristics (e.g., tall or dwarf plants) Example: Gen

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The genotypic ratio in F2 generation is 1:2:1 - 25% homozygous dominant (TT) - 50% heterozygous (Tt) - 25% homozygous recessive (tt) This represents the actual genetic composition of the offspring.

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When two contrasting characters are crossed, only one character expresses itself in the F1 generation. This character is called dominant, while the one that does not express is called recessive. The r

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Each organism carries a pair of factors (alleles) for each character. During gamete formation, these alleles separate and each gamete receives only one allele for each character. This separation of al