Atomic Structure
Kerala Board · Class 12 · Chemistry
Quick revision notes for Atomic Structure — Kerala Board Class 12 Chemistry. Key concepts, formulas, and definitions for last-minute revision.
Key Topics to Revise
Discovery of Fundamental Particles
- J.J. Thomson discovered the electron in 1897 using cathode ray tube experiments
- Electrons have negative charge (-1.602 × 10⁻¹⁹ C) and very small mass (9.109 × 10⁻³¹ kg)
- Protons were discovered as positively charged particles with mass 1840 times heavier than electrons
Early Atomic Models
- Thomson's Plum Pudding Model: Atom is a sphere of positive charge with electrons embedded like plums in pudding
- Rutherford's Nuclear Model: Dense, positively charged nucleus at center with electrons revolving around it
- Rutherford's α-particle scattering experiment used gold foil and α-particles (He²⁺ ions)
Electromagnetic Radiation and Planck's Theory
- Electromagnetic radiation consists of oscillating electric and magnetic fields perpendicular to each other
- Characterized by wavelength (λ), frequency (ν), amplitude, and wave number (ν̄)
- All electromagnetic radiation travels at speed of light (c = 3 × 10⁸ m/s) in vacuum
Hydrogen Spectrum and Bohr's Model
- Hydrogen spectrum consists of discrete lines, not continuous spectrum
- Different series: Lyman (UV), Balmer (visible), Paschen (IR), Brackett (IR), Pfund (IR)
- Rydberg formula: ν̄ = RH[1/n₁² - 1/n₂²] where RH = 109,677 cm⁻¹
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Sources & Official References
- Kerala Board of Public Examinations — keralapareekshabhavan.in
- National Education Policy 2020 — education.gov.in
Content is aligned to the official syllabus. Refer to the board website for the latest curriculum.
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