Electromagnetic Waves

Maxwell introduced displacement current (iₐ =

Maxwell introduced displacement current (iₐ = ε₀ dΦₑ/dt) to resolve inconsistencies in Ampere's law. When a capacitor charges, there's no actual curre

Four fundamental equations that completely describe

Four fundamental equations that completely describe electromagnetic phenomena: (1) Gauss's law for electricity, (2) Gauss's law for magnetism, (3) Far

EM waves are transverse waves where

EM waves are transverse waves where electric field E⃗ and magnetic field B⃗ oscillate perpendicular to each other and to the direction of propagation.

Complete range of electromagnetic radiation classified

Complete range of electromagnetic radiation classified by frequency/wavelength: Radio waves (500 kHz-1000 MHz), Microwaves (1-1000 GHz), Infrared (300

EM waves carry energy with density

EM waves carry energy with density u = ε₀E²/2 + B²/(2μ₀) and momentum p = U/c. They exert radiation pressure when absorbed or reflected by surfaces. T