Electrical Charges and Fields

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There are only two types of electric charges: POSITIVE and NEGATIVE. They are produced by friction: • Glass rod rubbed with silk → Glass becomes POSITIVE, silk becomes NEGATIVE • Rubber rod rubbed wit

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The three fundamental properties of electric charge are: 1. **Conservation of Charge**: Total charge in an isolated system remains constant. Charge can neither be created nor destroyed, only transfer

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**Given**: Q = 1 C, e = 1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ C **Find**: Number of electrons (n) **Formula**: Q = ne **Solution**: n = Q/e = 1/(1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹) n = 0.625 × 10¹⁹ = 6.25 × 10¹⁸ electrons **Answer**: 6.25 × 10¹⁸ el

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**Coulomb's Law**: The electrostatic force between two point charges is directly proportional to the product of charges and inversely proportional to the square of distance between them. **Scalar For

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**Given**: q₁ = +16 × 10⁻⁶ C, q₂ = +9 × 10⁻⁶ C, r = 12 m **Find**: Force magnitude and direction **Formula**: F = kq₁q₂/r² **Solution**: F = (9 × 10⁹) × (16 × 10⁻⁶) × (9 × 10⁻⁶) / (12)² F = (9 × 10⁹)

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**Electric Field (E)**: The electric field at a point is defined as the electric force experienced by a unit positive test charge placed at that point. **Mathematical Expression**: E = F/q₀ = lim(q₀→

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**Principle of Superposition**: The resultant electric field at any point due to multiple charges is the vector sum of electric fields due to individual charges. **Mathematical Expression**: E = E₁ +

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**Electric Dipole**: A system of two equal and opposite charges separated by a small distance. **Dipole Moment (p)**: • **Definition**: Product of magnitude of charge and separation between charges •