Nuclear Physics

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Atomic number (Z) = Number of protons in the nucleus = Number of electrons in a neutral atom Mass number (A) = Total number of nucleons = Number of protons + Number of neutrons Number of neutrons (N)

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Isotopes: Same Z, different A (same element, different neutrons) Example: ¹²₆C and ¹⁴₆C Isobars: Same A, different Z (different elements, same mass number) Example: ⁴⁰₁₈Ar and ⁴⁰₂₀Ca Isotones: Same

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Nuclear radius formula: R = r₀A¹/³ where r₀ = 1.2 × 10⁻¹⁵ m (unit nuclear radius) For ¹⁶₈O: A = 16 R = 1.2 × 10⁻¹⁵ × (16)¹/³ R = 1.2 × 10⁻¹⁵ × 2.52 R = 3.02 × 10⁻¹⁵ m = 3.02 fm

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1u = (1/12) × mass of ¹²₆C atom = 1.66 × 10⁻²⁷ kg = 931.3 MeV/c² Mass of proton (mₚ) = 1.00727 u = 938.3 MeV/c² Mass of neutron (mₙ) = 1.00865 u = 939.6 MeV/c² Mass of electron (mₑ) = 0.000549 u = 0.

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Mass defect (Δm): Difference between sum of masses of individual nucleons and actual nuclear mass Δm = [Z·mₚ + (A-Z)·mₙ] - M Binding Energy (BE): Energy equivalent of mass defect BE = Δm × c² = Δm ×

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Given: M(⁷₃Li) = 6.015 u, Z = 3, A = 7, N = 4 Mass of constituents: 3 protons = 3 × 1.00727 = 3.02181 u 4 neutrons = 4 × 1.00865 = 4.0346 u Total = 7.05641 u Mass defect = 7.05641 - 6.015 = 1.04141

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1. Short range: Effective only up to ~10⁻¹⁵ m 2. Charge independent: Same for p-p, p-n, and n-n interactions 3. Strongly attractive: Much stronger than electromagnetic forces 4. Saturated: Each nucleo

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Radioactivity: Spontaneous disintegration of unstable nuclei with emission of α, β, or γ radiations to achieve stability. Discovered by: A.H. Becquerel (1896) Discovery: Accidentally found that urani