Thermodynamics

Answer

Heat is the form of energy transferred between two systems or a system and its surroundings due to temperature difference. Heat always flows from higher temperature to lower temperature body. SI Unit

Answer

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics: If two bodies A and B are separately in thermal equilibrium with a third body C, then A and B are also in thermal equilibrium with each other. Significance: - Provides t

Answer

Indicator Diagram: A graph plotted between pressure (P) on Y-axis and volume (V) on X-axis showing how pressure varies with volume during a thermodynamic process. Work Done Calculation: W = ∫PdV = Ar

Answer

Internal Energy (U): The sum of kinetic energies and potential energies of all molecules in a system. Components: 1. Internal Kinetic Energy: Due to random motion of molecules 2. Internal Potential E

Answer

First Law of Thermodynamics: The change in internal energy of a system equals the sum of heat given to it and work done on it. Mathematical Expression: ΔU = Q - W or Q = ΔU + W Sign Conventions: 1

Answer

ISOTHERMAL PROCESS: - Temperature constant (T = constant) - Q ≠ 0, ΔU = 0, W ≠ 0 - Q = W (all heat converts to work) - System in thermal contact with surroundings - Process is slow ADIABATIC PROCESS:

Answer

ISOBARIC PROCESS: - Pressure constant (P = constant) - W = PΔV = P(V₂ - V₁) - Q = ΔU + W - Example: Heating water under atmospheric pressure ISOCHORIC PROCESS: - Volume constant (V = constant) - W =

Answer

Cyclic Process: A thermodynamic process where the system returns to its initial state after completing the process. Special Condition: ΔU = 0 (No change in internal energy) Consequence: Q = W (Heat