Semiconductor Devices
Kerala Board · Class 12 · Physics
Quick revision notes for Semiconductor Devices — Kerala Board Class 12 Physics. Key concepts, formulas, and definitions for last-minute revision.
Key Topics to Revise
Classification of Materials and Energy Band Theory
- Materials are classified based on resistivity: Metals (10⁻² to 10⁻⁸ Ωm), Semiconductors (10⁻⁵ to 10⁶ Ωm), Insulators (10¹¹ to 10¹⁹ Ωm)
- Energy band theory explains electrical properties: Valence band (lower energy), Conduction band (higher energy), Forbidden gap (energy difference)
- Energy gap determines material type: Metals (overlapping bands), Insulators (Eg > 3 eV), Semiconductors (Eg ≈ 1 eV)
Intrinsic and Extrinsic Semiconductors
- Intrinsic semiconductors are pure (Si, Ge) with equal electron and hole concentrations
- At room temperature, thermal energy creates electron-hole pairs in intrinsic semiconductors
- Extrinsic semiconductors are doped with impurities (1 impurity per 10⁸ atoms)
p-n Junction Formation and Properties
- p-n junction formed by joining p-type and n-type regions in single crystal
- Diffusion of electrons and holes across junction creates depletion region
- Depletion region contains immobile ions and no free charge carriers
p-n Junction Biasing and Characteristics
- Forward bias: p-side connected to positive, n-side to negative terminal
- Reverse bias: p-side connected to negative, n-side to positive terminal
- Forward bias reduces barrier, allows large current flow (mA range)
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Sources & Official References
- Kerala Board of Public Examinations — keralapareekshabhavan.in
- National Education Policy 2020 — education.gov.in
Content is aligned to the official syllabus. Refer to the board website for the latest curriculum.
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