Atmosphere

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The atmosphere is a sea of gases surrounding Earth, about 1000 km thick. It is essential for life because: 1) It provides oxygen for breathing, 2) Protects us from harmful solar rays, 3) Enables photo…

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The atmosphere consists of: Nitrogen (78%), Oxygen (21%), Argon, Neon, Carbon dioxide (0.03%), Methane, Ammonia, Ozone, Water vapour (0.4% - mostly within 6 km of surface), and Particulates (fine dust…

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The lowermost layer of atmosphere extending up to 13 km average height (8 km at poles, 18 km at equator). Contains 75% of atmospheric mass and practically all moisture and dust. All weather phenomena …

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Extends from troposphere to 50 km height. Almost free from clouds and weather phenomena, making it ideal for jet aircraft flying. Contains the important ozone layer that protects Earth from harmful UV…

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Homosphere (0-90 km): Has uniform composition of gases like nitrogen, oxygen, argon, CO2. Includes Troposphere, Stratosphere, and Mesosphere. Heterosphere (above 90 km): Has heterogeneous composition …

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Air pressure is the push effect exerted by gas molecules on objects. When air is heated, molecules gain energy and move faster, initially increasing pressure. But energized molecules rise higher, leav…

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A low-pressure belt around the equator where hot air rises due to intense solar heating. Also called equatorial low pressure belt. The rising hot air creates a zone where trade winds from both hemisph…

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Coriolis effect is the deflection of moving objects (including winds) due to Earth's rotation. It causes winds to curve right in Northern Hemisphere and left in Southern Hemisphere. Effect is zero at …