Carbon compounds

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Carbon compounds are compounds that contain carbon as a constituent element. They are called organic compounds because it was initially believed that these compounds are obtained directly or indirectl

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A covalent bond is formed by sharing of valence electrons between atoms. Carbon forms covalent bonds because: 1. Carbon has 4 valence electrons 2. It cannot easily gain or lose 4 electrons to form ion

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Catenation is the ability of carbon atoms to form strong covalent bonds with other carbon atoms, resulting in formation of large molecules. Carbon is unique because: 1. C-C bonds are strong and stable

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Hydrocarbons are compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms. Saturated hydrocarbons (Alkanes): Have only single bonds. Examples: Methane (CH₄), Ethane (C₂H₆) Unsaturated hydrocarbons: Have do

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Structural formula: H-C-H with H above and below C Bonding explanation: - Carbon has 4 valence electrons - Forms 4 single covalent bonds with 4 hydrogen atoms - Each H contributes 1 electron, C contri

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A functional group is an atom or group of atoms that determines the characteristic chemical properties of organic compounds. Examples: 1. Alcohol group: -OH 2. Carboxylic acid group: -COOH 3. Aldehyde

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A homologous series is a group of organic compounds having the same functional group and similar chemical properties, with successive members differing by a -CH₂- unit. Characteristics: 1. Successive

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Alkanes (saturated): CₙH₂ₙ₊₂ Example: For n=3, C₃H₈ (propane) Alkenes (one double bond): CₙH₂ₙ Example: For n=3, C₃H₆ (propene) Alkynes (one triple bond): CₙH₂ₙ₋₂ Example: For n=3, C₃H₄ (propyne)