Some Analytical Techniques

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Residue: The insoluble solid particles that remain on the filter paper after filtration. Filtrate: The clear liquid that passes through the filter paper and is collected in the beaker. Example: When f

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Filtration under suction uses a vacuum pump to create pressure difference, which pulls the liquid through the filter paper more rapidly. The setup includes a Buchner funnel with porous bottom and a th

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1. Preparation of saturated solution: Boil crude solid in minimum suitable solvent 2. Hot filtration: Filter hot solution to remove insoluble impurities 3. Cooling of filtrate: Allow solution to cool,

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1. The compound should be sparingly soluble at room temperature but highly soluble at high temperature 2. Solvent should not react chemically with the compound 3. Solvent should be volatile for easy r

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Mother liquor is the filtrate obtained after separating crystals during crystallization. It contains dissolved impurities and some of the main substance that didn't crystallize. It is formed when the

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Fractional crystallization separates substances with widely different solubilities in the same solvent. The mixture is dissolved in hot solvent, then cooled. The less soluble substance crystallizes fi

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Principle: Separates volatile liquids from non-volatile impurities or liquids with sufficient difference in boiling points. The liquid is heated to form vapors, which are then condensed back to liquid

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The thermometer bulb should be placed just below the side arm of the round bottom flask. This position ensures accurate measurement of the vapor temperature as it enters the condenser, helping to iden