Electromagnetic Waves and Communication System

Four fundamental equations that describe

Four fundamental equations that describe the behavior of electric and magnetic fields: (1) Gauss' law for electrostatics: ∮E⃗·dS⃗ = Qin/ε₀, (2) Gauss'

EM waves are transverse waves where

EM waves are transverse waves where E⃗ and B⃗ are perpendicular to each other and to direction of propagation. Key properties: (1) Speed in vacuum c =

Ordered arrangement of EM waves by

Ordered arrangement of EM waves by wavelength/frequency: Radio waves (λ: 10⁻⁴ to 10⁵ m), Microwaves (3×10⁻⁴ to 6×10⁻² m), Infrared (8×10⁻⁷ to 3×10⁻⁴ m

Three main modes

Three main modes: (1) Ground wave: Follows Earth's surface, suitable for frequencies <2 MHz, limited range due to ground absorption, (2) Space wave: L

Basic components

Basic components: (1) Transmitter: Converts information to electrical signals suitable for transmission, (2) Communication Channel: Medium through whi