Electrostatics

Basic property of matter carried by

Basic property of matter carried by protons (+1.6×10⁻¹⁹ C) and electrons (-1.6×10⁻¹⁹ C). Charges can be transferred by friction (conduction) or induce

F = (1/4πε₀) × (q₁q₂/r²)

F = (1/4πε₀) × (q₁q₂/r²) for charges in vacuum. Force is attractive for unlike charges, repulsive for like charges. In medium: F = (1/4πε₀εᵣ) × (q₁q₂/

Electric field E = F/q₀ represents

Electric field E = F/q₀ represents force per unit positive test charge. For point charge: E = (1/4πε₀) × (Q/r²) r̂. Practical definition: E = V/d betw

Imaginary curves whose tangent gives field

Imaginary curves whose tangent gives field direction at any point. Properties: originate from positive charges, terminate on negative charges; never i

∮E⃗·dS⃗ = Q/ε₀

∮E⃗·dS⃗ = Q/ε₀. Electric flux through any closed surface equals enclosed charge divided by ε₀. Flux φ = E⃗·S⃗ for uniform field. Independent of surfac