Magnetism

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1. Every magnet has two poles: North and South 2. Like poles repel, unlike poles attract 3. If a magnet is broken, each piece becomes an independent magnet 4. Isolated magnetic monopoles do not exist

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Magnetic lines of force are imaginary lines that represent the magnetic field around a magnet. Key Properties: 1. Form closed loops (originate from N-pole, end at S-pole) 2. Direction of magnetic fie

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Magnetic Flux (φ): The number of magnetic field lines passing through a given area. Formula: φ = B.A (for uniform field perpendicular to area) For uniform field: B = φ/A SI Unit: Weber (Wb) 1 Weber

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Magnetic Dipole: A system with two equal and opposite magnetic poles separated by a distance. Magnetic Dipole Moment (m): Definition: Product of pole strength and distance between poles Formula: m =

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Relationship between Magnetic and Geometric Length: Magnetic length (2l) = (5/6) × Geometric length This means the effective magnetic poles are located slightly inside the physical ends of the magne

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For a short magnetic dipole (r >> l): Using electrostatic analogy: Electric field on axis: E = (1/4πε₀) × (2p/r³) Magnetic field on axis: Bₐ = (μ₀/4π) × (2m/r³) Where: • μ₀ = 4π × 10⁻⁷ H/m (permeab

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For a short magnetic dipole (r >> l): Using electrostatic analogy: Electric field on equator: E = (1/4πε₀) × (p/r³) Magnetic field on equator: Bₑq = -(μ₀/4π) × (m/r³) Where: • Negative sign indicat

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Relationship: Bₐₓᵢₛ = 2Bₑq (at the same distance r) Mathematical proof: Bₐ = (μ₀/4π) × (2m/r³) Bₑq = (μ₀/4π) × (m/r³) Therefore: Bₐ/Bₑq = 2 This means: • Axial field is twice as strong as equatoria