Semiconductors
Maharashtra Board · Class 11 · Physics
Quick revision notes for Semiconductors — Maharashtra Board Class 11 Physics. Key concepts, formulas, and definitions for last-minute revision.
Key Topics to Revise
Introduction to Semiconductors
- Semiconductors have electrical conductivity between conductors (metals) and insulators
- Electrical conductivity of silver = 6.25×10⁷ Sm⁻¹, glass = 10⁻¹⁰ Sm⁻¹, silicon = 1.56×10⁻³ Sm⁻¹
- Electrical conductivity of semiconductors increases with temperature (opposite to metals)
Band Theory of Solids
- Isolated atoms have discrete energy levels; solids have energy bands
- Valence band: topmost occupied energy band in a solid
- Conduction band: empty energy band where electrons can move freely
Intrinsic Semiconductors
- Pure semiconductors like pure Si or Ge are intrinsic semiconductors
- At 0K: all covalent bonds complete, no free electrons for conduction
- At room temperature: thermal energy breaks some covalent bonds
Extrinsic Semiconductors - N-type
- Created by doping pure semiconductor with pentavalent impurity (P, As, Sb)
- Pentavalent atoms have 5 valence electrons, 4 form bonds, 1 becomes free
- Donor impurities: each atom donates one free electron
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