Biomolecules
Maharashtra Board · Class 12 · Chemistry
Quick revision notes for Biomolecules — Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry. Key concepts, formulas, and definitions for last-minute revision.
Key Topics to Revise
14.1 Introduction and Classification of Biomolecules
- Biomolecules are large molecules found in living organisms
- Primary structural materials: proteins and cellulose
- Energy sources: carbohydrates and lipids
14.2 Carbohydrates - Structure and Classification
- Carbohydrates are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones
- General formula: Cx(H2O)y (hydrates of carbon)
- Classification: Monosaccharides, Oligosaccharides, Polysaccharides
14.2.3-14.2.10 Glucose Structure and Properties
- Glucose preparation: From sucrose (acid hydrolysis) or starch (industrial method)
- Structural evidence: C6H12O6, straight chain, one aldehyde group, five OH groups
- Optical isomerism: 4 chiral carbons, D-configuration, dextrorotatory (+52.7°)
14.2.9 Important Disaccharides
- Sucrose: α-glucose (C-1) + β-fructose (C-2), non-reducing, invert sugar on hydrolysis
- Maltose: Two glucose units, α-1,4-glycosidic bond, reducing sugar
- Lactose: β-galactose (C-1) + glucose (C-4), β-1,4-glycosidic bond, reducing sugar
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