Transition and Inner transition Elements
Maharashtra Board · Class 12 · Chemistry
Quick revision notes for Transition and Inner transition Elements — Maharashtra Board Class 12 Chemistry. Key concepts, formulas, and definitions for last-minute revision.
Key Topics to Revise
Position and Electronic Configuration
- Transition elements: Groups 3-12, periods 4-7 with general configuration (n-1)d¹⁻¹⁰ns¹⁻²
- Four series: 3d (Sc to Zn), 4d (Y to Cd), 5d (La to Hg), 6d (Ac to Cn)
- Chromium anomaly: [Ar]3d⁵4s¹ instead of [Ar]3d⁴4s² (half-filled stability)
Physical and Chemical Properties
- Physical: Hard, lustrous, high melting/boiling points, good conductors, metallic character
- Atomic radii decrease gradually across period due to increasing nuclear charge
- Ionization enthalpies increase gradually across period, intermediate between s and p blocks
Color and Magnetic Properties
- Colored compounds due to d-d transitions absorbing visible light
- Color depends on: number of unpaired electrons, ligands, geometry
- Colorless ions: d⁰ (Sc³⁺, Ti⁴⁺) and d¹⁰ (Cu⁺, Zn²⁺) configurations
Catalytic Properties and Applications
- Excellent catalysts due to variable oxidation states and vacant d-orbitals
- Homogeneous catalysis: same phase as reactants
- Heterogeneous catalysis: different phase, provides reaction surface
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