Thermodynamics

When two systems at different temperatures

When two systems at different temperatures are brought into contact, heat flows from the hotter to the colder system until both reach the same tempera

Internal energy (U) is the total

Internal energy (U) is the total energy of all molecules in a system due to their random motion. The First Law states: ΔU = Q - W, where Q is heat add

Different ways a system can change

Different ways a system can change state: (1) Isothermal (constant T): pV = constant, ΔU = 0, Q = W; (2) Adiabatic (Q = 0): pVᵞ = constant, ΔU = -W; (

Devices that convert heat into work

Devices that convert heat into work through cyclic processes. They absorb heat Qₕ from a hot reservoir, convert part into work W, and reject heat Qc t

Has two statements

Has two statements: (1) Kelvin-Planck: Impossible to extract heat from a reservoir and convert it completely to work in a cyclic process; (2) Clausius