Thermodynamics
Maharashtra Board · Class 12 · Physics
Quick revision notes for Thermodynamics — Maharashtra Board Class 12 Physics. Key concepts, formulas, and definitions for last-minute revision.
Key Topics to Revise
4.1 Thermal Equilibrium and Zeroth Law
- Thermal equilibrium occurs when two systems in contact reach the same temperature and no heat flows between them
- The Zeroth Law states: If systems A and C are in thermal equilibrium, and A and B are in thermal equilibrium, then B and C are also in thermal equilibrium
- This law enables temperature measurement using thermometers
4.2 Internal Energy, Heat, and Work
- Internal energy (U) is the total energy of random molecular motion in a system
- For ideal gas: U depends only on temperature
- Heat (Q) is energy transferred due to temperature difference
4.3 First Law of Thermodynamics
- First Law: ΔU = Q - W (energy conservation)
- Alternative form: Q = ΔU + W
- Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted
4.4 Thermodynamic Processes
- Isothermal: Constant temperature (ΔT = 0, ΔU = 0 for ideal gas)
- Isobaric: Constant pressure (ΔP = 0)
- Isochoric: Constant volume (ΔV = 0, W = 0)
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