Acids,Bases and Salts

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When zinc granules are added to dilute HCl, hydrogen gas is evolved with effervescence (bubbling). The reaction is: Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl₂(aq) + H₂(g). This can be tested by bringing a burning candl

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Dry HCl gas does not produce H⁺ ions, so it shows no acidic properties. Only when HCl dissolves in water does it ionize: HCl + H₂O → H₃O⁺ + Cl⁻. The H₃O⁺ (hydronium) ions are responsible for acidic pr

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Na₂CO₃(s) + 2HCl(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + H₂O(l) + CO₂(g). Carbon dioxide gas is evolved. Test: Pass the gas through lime water [Ca(OH)₂]. Lime water turns milky due to formation of CaCO₃ precipitate: Ca(OH)

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Neutralization is the reaction between an acid and base to form salt and water. Example: NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H₂O(l). At ionic level: H⁺(aq) + OH⁻(aq) → H₂O(l). The H⁺ ions from acid combin

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pH scale measures hydrogen ion concentration in solution, ranging from 0-14. pH 7 = neutral (pure water), pH < 7 = acidic (higher H⁺ concentration), pH > 7 = basic/alkaline (higher OH⁻ concentration).

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Bee sting contains formic acid (methanoic acid) which causes pain and irritation. Baking soda (NaHCO₃) is mildly basic and neutralizes the acid: NaHCO₃ + HCOOH → HCOONa + H₂O + CO₂. This neutralizatio

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Chlor-alkali process is electrolysis of brine (aqueous NaCl) to produce three useful chemicals. Equation: 2NaCl(aq) + 2H₂O(l) → 2NaOH(aq) + Cl₂(g) + H₂(g). Products: 1) Sodium hydroxide (caustic soda)

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Stomach produces HCl to: 1) Activate pepsinogen to pepsin enzyme, 2) Kill harmful bacteria, 3) Aid protein digestion, 4) Maintain acidic pH (~1.5-2). During indigestion, excess acid production causes